Ethanol OSHA PEL checker.

The ethanol row in Table Z-1

The table below reproduces the Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) row of Table Z-1, Limits for Air Contaminants, in 29 CFR 1910.1000 as published in the eCFR. Values are shown exactly as the table prints them.

Reading the footnotes

The column headings carry footnote markers. The eCFR prints them as follows.

• 1: The PELs are 8-hour TWAs unless otherwise noted; a (C) designation denotes a ceiling limit. They are to be determined from breathing-zone air samples.
• (a): Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 °C and 760 torr.
• (b): Milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.
• (c): The CAS number is for information only. Enforcement is based on the substance name. For an entry covering more than one metal compound, measured as the metal, the CAS number for the metal is given—not CAS numbers for the individual compounds.

For this row, the ppm column is the limit by volume at 25 °C and 760 torr. The mg/m3 figure is the approximate mass equivalent, and the substance name in the first column, not the CAS number, is what enforcement is based on.

What 1000 ppm means in practice

1000 ppm is 1000 parts of ethanol vapour in every million parts of air, or 0.1% by volume. The mg/m3 figure follows from the same limit: at 25 °C and 760 torr a mole of gas occupies about 24.45 litres, and ethanol weighs about 46.07 g per mole, so 1000 ppm works out to roughly 1884 mg/m3, which the table rounds to 1900.

The limit is an average over a shift, so a short spike above 1000 ppm is not by itself a breach if the rest of the shift pulls the average below it. The reading you compare must be the shift average from breathing-zone samples, not a single instrument snapshot. The number does not tell you whether a workplace is comfortable, whether the air is flammable, or whether a sensitive person would be affected below the limit.

Why this entry is an 8-hour average

Neither number in the ethanol row is preceded by (C), so footnote 1 treats it as an 8-hour TWA. Paragraph (a)(2) of the section reads: “An employee's exposure to any substance in Table Z-1, the exposure limit of which is not preceded by a “C”, shall not exceed the 8-hour Time Weighted Average given for that substance in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week.”

Entries that are preceded by (C) in the table are ceiling values under paragraph (a)(1), which says exposure shall at no time exceed the printed limit.

Skin designation

The Skin designation column for ethanol is blank in the eCFR table.

Worked example

Illustration of the paragraph (d)(1) arithmetic only, with invented readings. Suppose one employee's shift has two hours at 1500 ppm, two hours at 750 ppm and four hours at 500 ppm of ethanol. Then E = (2 × 1500 + 2 × 750 + 4 × 500) ÷ 8 = 812.5 ppm. Compared with the printed 1000 ppm 8-hour limit, 812.5 ppm is below it, even though the first two hours were well above 1000 ppm. The same method is the one the CFR uses in its own Substance A example for a 100 ppm limit, which comes to 81.25 ppm.

Computation formulae in paragraph (d)

Paragraph (d)(1)(i) gives the cumulative exposure formula for an 8-hour shift: E = (Ca Ta + Cb Tb + . . .Cn Tn) ÷ 8, where E is the equivalent exposure for the working shift, C is the concentration during any period of time T where the concentration remains constant, and T is the duration in hours of the exposure at the concentration C. The value of E shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910 for the substance involved.

Paragraph (d)(2)(i) gives the formula for mixtures: In case of a mixture of air contaminants an employer shall compute the equivalent exposure as follows: Em = (C1 ÷ L1 + C2 ÷ L2) + . . .(Cn ÷ Ln), where C is the concentration of a particular contaminant and L is the exposure limit for that substance specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910. The value of Em shall not exceed unity (1). The paragraph introducing these formulae applies them to substances for which 8-hour time weighted averages are listed.

What paragraph (e) says about controls

This page does not recommend any exposure-control measure. For reference, paragraph (e) of the section is printed as follows: “To achieve compliance with paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must first be determined and implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed in this section. Any equipment and/or technical measures used for this purpose must be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1910.134.”

Limits of this page

This page reads Table Z-1 and the paragraphs of 1910.1000 quoted above. It does not say that an exposure below a printed limit is safe. It does not cover Table Z-2 or Table Z-3 substances, other OSHA substance-specific standards, state-plan rules or limits published by other bodies, and it does not explain how to sample, control exposure or choose a respirator.

The checker compares one number you type with the printed figure and applies the “shall not exceed” wording as written, so a reading equal to the limit is not above it. Anything involving a real workplace belongs with a qualified industrial hygienist, your safety data sheet and the OSHA office for your area. The eCFR lists the newest content version of this section as May 30, 2017.

Sources

Sources opened and read November 2, 2026.

• eCFR: 29 CFR 1910.1000, Air contaminants, Table Z-1 and paragraphs (a), (d) and (e) (text requested as of October 29, 2026; read November 2, 2026)
• eCFR versioner API: version history of 29 CFR 1910.1000 (read November 2, 2026)